Vertoda Blog

Smart Meters 101 Part 2 - Gas & Electricity Meters

Written by martcon
Monday, 23 November 2009 07:32
Previously we have discussed water smart meters and the benefits that can be derived for both water utilities and the customer. Smart meters can have also been developed to measure gas and electricity consumption. Smart metering has been comparatively slow to penetrate gas suppliers however ,principally because of the characteristics and nature of gas. Utilities cannot restrict the flow through a meter (and thus limit load) as this would affect the pressure of the gas delivered to an appliance and consequently its operation and safety. Remotely reconnecting gas powered appliances would be hazardous as gas could flow out into a building from appliances that have been left on after an outage or disconnection. Figure 1: Gas Smart Meters provide more detailed data for the Consumer & Utility Company Gas smart meters are being used however, and the benefits of gas smart meters are clearly defined. Gas smart meters can be polled following outages instead of utility employees having to go door to door to reenable service. The information provided by gas smart meters is also much richer and can help utilities to explain consumption patterns to their customers, for instance, the impact of cold weather on natural gas usage and the consequences for the monthly bill. A type of demand response is also possible using gas smart meters as utilities can charge customers different prices for using gas at different times of the day. A recent report by British Gas estimates that gas smart meters can cut energy bills by about a third - UK£400 per year on average. A field trial of 50,000 smart meters undertaken by British Gas shows not only a reduction in bills but also a 40% drop in billing enquiries. 85% of triallists found that smart meters were easy to use and the display of cost information on screen encouraged households to turn off appliances when they are not being used. One issue to note however is that only 44% of participants felt that smart meters were reducing their energy consumption. The British Gas trial deployed both gas and electricity smart meters and it is the latter which are the most well known type of smart meter. Electricity smart meters have benefits both for the utility and the customer. Demand Response which exposes customers to peak electricity prices and encourages them to modify their electricity consumption accordingly would not be possible without electricity smart meters. As there is a communications link between the smart meter and the utility, the location of outages can be identified quickly and enable the utility company to verify that outages have been resolved at every meter location. Given the richer pool of data provided by electricity smart meters, grid engineers can pinpoint bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the network by analysing the periodic data generated by smart meters. Forecasting and load balancing can also improve using this new data resource. Figure 2: Electricity Smart Meters benefit Consumers, Utility Companies and the Environment As well as reducing cost for the consumer by encouraging the better management of consumption, some government bodies require utlities to reimburse customers for electricity they produce on-site and feed into the grid. This is known as net metering as the utility will subtract the amount of electricity produced from the amount of the electricity taken from the grid. The consumer then pays or receives the net amount. This is becoming feasible as more and more consumers in the coming years will have their own small renewable energy facilities such as a wind turbine, solar power or home fuel cells. Net metering programs are underway in Ontario and British Columbia in Canada and are being planned as part of Amsterdam's smart city initiative. Of course, the chief driver for electricity smart meters is an environmental one. Being provided with information on their consumption should encourage consumers to manage and reduce their energy use. In other words, consumers are incentivised financially to reduce their electricity consumption. Energy consumption that is more spread out rather than a series of peaks and troughs means more efficient operations for the utility and less peaks and stress for infrastructure. In theory, this should also means less infrastructure being built in terms of transmission lines and new plants and distributed electricity generation using wind and solar power. Furthermore, the previously discussed Demand Response can reduce emissions and the finer level of data generated by smart meters facilitates the calculation of a consumer's environmental footprint. Smart meters and smart grids should also lead to smart appliances that can sense overload on the grid and reduce their own power usage accordingly. We have now discussed the main types of smart meter. In the next article we will discuss current issues in smart metering, Meter Data Management (MDM) and the implications of smart meters for IT.
Last Updated ( Monday, 23 November 2009 09:54 )

Smart Meters 101 Part 1: Overview & Water Smart Meters

Written by martcon

Monday, 16 November 2009 14:11

Smart Meters and the smart grid are beginning to be talked about in the mainstream press as more and more electricity companies roll out smart meter projects. Smart Meter project are underway or imminent throughout the world in countries such as Victoria, Australia, (http://bit.ly/363G7a), Italy (http://bit.ly/1avyko) and Brazil (http://bit.ly/1YOLTn). Smart meters are typically defined as a new type of electricity meter. These types of smart meters provide two-way communication to both the consumer and the electricity utility of consumption by time of use so the days of the meter reader calling to a person's house are fast coming to an end.. Smart Meters are replacing this old Automatic Reading (AMR) system and provide more detailed information. However, smart meters are often incorrectly assumed to refer solely to electricity measurement. The question then is what other kinds of energy usage can be measured by smart meters and what are the issues and challenges facing the deployment of smart meters not only for electricity utilties but also for organisations and domestic households? Over the next few weeks, we will examine these issues.

In essence, smart meters are designed to tell customers how much energy they are consuming on a real time basis. This data includes not only how much energy they're consuming but also the monetary cost of this consumption and the impact the consumption is having on greenhouse gas emissions. A smart meter can't pinpoint which appliances are consuming most energy or the cost of energy at different times of the day but a smart meter is a necessary component for facilitating Demand Response and other techniques and systems that can provide this information. Smart meters are deployed throughout a geographical area and relay consumption data back to the utility provider. This network of meters is what makes up a 'smart grid'. With a smart grid, utility companies have the capability to measure consumption on an per-area or per-premises basis.

Typically smart meters take periodic measurement of consumption during specific time periods and communicate this data to a utility or a smart meter management company, usually on a daily basis. These meters are also known as interval meters. Some meters may also provide an easy to read display to help consumers reduce consumption and monitor compliance with local laws and regulations. There are different types of smart meters for measuring different types of consumption. Currently, smart meters are provided for the measurement of water, gas and electricity consumption.

A water smart meter measures the consumption of water in a household or organisation. The data provided by this type of meter indicates the amount of water being used as well as its flow patterns and can be used to track, predict and change trends in water supply demand for organisations. For organisations and individuals in certain industries such as agriculture, water usage is a key metric and a managed water system can enable the early detection of leaks, the reduction of waste water and the early warning of fluctuating rates of water usage. While the measurement intervals of smart meters are usually either 10 or 14 minutes for electricity companies intervals of 30 to 60 minutes are more common for water utilities.

Water smart meters provide a rich pool of data to the utility company. Chief among this data are details of leaks at consumer premises.Many algorithms can be used to detect leaks but one simple rule of thumb is to ascertain where hourly usage ever drops to zero. If it doesn't, it's likely that there is a water leak. In many jurisdictions, consumers may be fined for not repairing a water leak so timely notification of such data would be likely to win customer goodwill. Leak or indeed theft of water from a mains can also be detected by comparing the day's consumption for the users of the mains (e.g. residences on a street) with readings from the water mains serving the street. A water smart grid infrastructure can also detect a drop in pressure for a water main. This usually denotes a break. By pinpointing the location and extent of a water main break in a timely fashion, utilities can respond to problems in their network and service their customers in a more satisfactory fashion.

In certain parts of the world drought is a major issue. In such cases, it is essential to identify outdoor watering or non-essential water use during daylight hours. Up to now, it has been difficult to enforce restrictions on such behaviour but individual smart meters that would detect such over-consumption and violation of restrictions make compliance much easier to enforce.

While smart meter programs are expensive to implement, they do provide consumers with better service at a cheaper cost once they are installed. For example, it is possible to determine final meter readings and issue final bills for customers leaving an area. Water flow can be remotely disconnected or restricted where appropriate. This means that utilities no longer have to send service engineers to customers who have requested a disconnect or are being disconnected for non-payment. Meters can also be tested remotely to check that they are working. Similarly, theft of a meter can be remotely detected.

Like electricity and gas meters, water smart meters ensure that bills are based on actual readings rather than on estimates. This minimises disagreements and conflict with the consumer and the water utility, reduces calls querying and/or complaining about bills to the utility and improves customer satisfaction. Water smart meters can also help control electricity costs for the utility itself. Many utilities pump water to a high point during off peak hours when electricity prices are lower. To avoid turning on these pumps during periods of high electricity prices the utility can develop water rates that track electricity rates. This reduces peak water consumption.

Water Conservation

Figure 1: Smart Meters are a key component of Water Conservation Programs

In the case of water, the most important benefit of smart meters are the role they can play in conservation. Water conservation programs are being undertaken in many parts of the world and smart meters are enabling these programs. The real-time data provided by water smart meters allow residents and businesses to identify where most water is being used and where behaviour modification or the installation of a water efficient fixture may be appropriate. Water conservation programs have been undertaken on a trial basis by the New South Wales government in April this year and in Dubai International Academic City. The cornerstone of any water conservation program is understanding where, when, how and why water is used. Such data can only be measured using a smart meter. Leaks should be identified when they occur and water consumption should be actively managed. This management requires the data that smart meters provide.

One issue that should also be considered is the granularity of measurement. Often, one water smart meter records the water consumption for a premises even if this premises is a large site. To obtain a better quality of data, individual it may be necessary to also install meters at high use areas like cooling towers, iririgation systems, food preparation areas or at a rainwater supply tank. This finer level of measurement will lead to a more effective water management system where will not only enable overuse at a business premises be detected on a timely basis but also the exact location of the problem.

The management of water smart meters is a key issue as the data generated is used for fault and operations management as well as billing purposes. As we will discuss in the next few weeks, the lack of standardisation is hindering the capture of this data. Vertoda can not only capture data from smart water meters but also transform that data into meaningful information for reporting leakages and providing details of revenue generated as well as acting as a bridge between the water network and the software and Information Systems of the utility.

Demand Response

Written by martcon

Monday, 09 November 2009 17:16

One technique that is gaining recognition in the area of green energy and the more effective management of the Electricity Grid is Demand Response (DR). The goal of DR is to manage consumer consumption of electicity in response to supply conditions. An effective DR policy will result in consumers reducing their electricity consumption at critical times or in response to rising prices. DR differs from Dynamic Demand as the latter entails the use of devices which passively switch themselves off when the grid is overloaded. Devices with DR switches by contrast respond to explicit requests to switch off. DR can involve the reduction of power used and differs from energy efficiency schemes which implies the using of less energy to perform a particular task.

We know therefore that DR is a distinctive technique. The overriding rationale of DR would appear to be of societal benefit rather than of economic benefit for the utility companies. By managing consumer consumption, DR improves the reliability of the electricity grid and reduces peak electricity prices by decreasing peak demand. In essence, it is a set of actions that are taken to reduce load on the grid when congestion that threatens the supply-demand balance occurs or when market conditions raise the price of the electricity supply.

There are two types of DR. The first category of DR is triggered in response to emergencies and is referred to as interruptible DR. This DR category is activiated by utilities in cases of local system emeergices. The second category is prices responsive and is activated by utilties in the case of high wholesale electricity prices. DR is typically managed as a program consisting of participating (and volunteering) customers. Under the energy-only DR payment option, participants receive payment only for curtailment during a DR event. With capacity-payment DR, on the other hand, participants receive regular payment or a discount for being available for DR events.

Savings estimates for implementing DR for energy conservation and curtailment are in the billions of dollars. Customers benefit from availing of energy at cheaper prices. The question regarding DR is why utilty companies would implement it if it ostensibly reduces profits. Is DR something that will be regulatory driven rather than adopted voluntarily by utility companies?

If one looks beyond market price the benefits of DR can be seen for utility companies. Emergency DR programs are designed to relieve grid reliability issues. Extremely high demand for electricity, shortages of generation and significant transmission contraints can all be alleviated by DR. This ensures a smoother operation for utility companies and reduced maintenance issues and operational fire fighting.

Unsurprisingly, there is a high level of research activity in the area of demand response. The Pier Demand Response Research Center (http://drrc.lbl.gov/pier-drrc.html) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California are undertaking projects for the development of demand responsive technologies in buildings and the use of Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) as a form of price responsive demand response. The demand response and smart grid coalition (DRSG - see http://www.drsgcoalition.org/), a trade association for companies that provide products and services in the areas of demand response, smart meters and smart grid technologies, have developed policy recommendations advocating the use of DR as part of any solution to America's environmental problems. DRSG count IBM, Oracle and the Zigbee Alliance among their many members so, clearly, DR has the attention of significant industry players.

DR is gaining credence among utility companies, particularly in the US. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (http://www.pge.com/demandresponse/) have a demand response program that offers incentive for business owners who curtail their facility's energy use during times of peak demand while Puget Sound Energy (http://www.pse.com) in Washington state began a residential DR pilot program in October 2009 to evaluate how water heating and central air conditioning customers can voluntarily manage their electric demand during peak periods.

Demand Reponse, then, can be a key driver in the development of a green energy strategy for a country. As well as societal benefits both the consumer and the utility companies can benefit from the adoption of a DR policy.

Smart Economies, Smart Homes, Smart Cities & the Smart Planet

Written by martcon

Wednesday, 04 November 2009 14:12

The adjective 'smart' has been applied to many different entities in recent years. Terms such as smart home, smart grid and smart meter have now been joined by other, often vaguer, concepts such as the smart city, the smart economy and the smart planet. But what do these terms mean? And what role can technology play in enabling these 'smart' concepts?

The term smart economy is frequently used by governments and can be a very loose term. In essence, a smart economy, like a real economy, has many components. It can be defined as using technology to deliver the infrastructure an economy needs. Initiatives that would be common in a 'smart economy' include smart meters and grids to provide electricity in a 'greener' way, using Cloud Computing to deliver services and having environmentally friendly data centres that leverage virtualization and other cloud computing techniques. Allied to this is the development of communications infrastructure to support remote access to Cloud Computing services and Data Centres.

Clearly, the technology required to achieve any smart economy aspiration are many and varied. Smart Meters are clearly mandatory for any smart grid plans but, in addition, the data produced by smart grids needs to be converted into information that can be used by utility companies to better manage and monitor the energy being generated. Smart Grids are not limited of course to electricity as smart meters are available for measuring gas and water consumption. This more granular measurement of resource consumption is a fundamental tenet of any smart economy. Cloud Computing services such as Software As A Service (SaaS) will be supported by software companies. The evolution of Cloud Computing services could mean that we eventually come full circle back to the old Terminal-Host style architecture for computing where a typical user only needs a computer with an Internet connection to avail of application software. Infrastructure As A Service (IaaS) is currently being provided by services such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) (See http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/) where you can effectively rent a server. From a social and economic point of view, Cloud Computing services could potentially result in more and more service enterprises being created to provide software, hardware and development platforms over the Internet while the hardware requirements of a typical user will potentially decrease so that only a PC and Internet connection is required to do the majority of work. This sharing of computer infrastructure and reduction of application installations is indeed 'smarter' and, in the case of the former, 'greener'.

Smart Homes is another term that can be very broadly defined. The vision of a smart home was first promulgated by the HomeRF working group. This group was disbanded in 2003 when Wi-Fi 802.11b became commonly available in the home and support for the competing Bluetooth protocol became commonplace in devices such as mobile phones (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeRF for further details about HomeRF). The growth of wireless networking protocols and their common availability has advanced the possibility of the smart home. Smart homes will be able to manage energy and, in conjunction with installed smart meters, can measure resource consumption (electricity, gas and water). In addition to energy management, smart homes can also be remotely managed. Security systems and home appliances can all be controlled remotely by the home owner inside and outside the home. Many major corporations are undertaking smart home projects. Ericsson Turkey (http://www.ericsson.com/developer/sub/articles/other_articles/090831_IMS) have developed a system in partnership with Done (http://www.donetr.com) which uses Ericsson's Connected Home Gateway (HIGA) to turn equipment on and off. This system also allows more sophisticated levels of control such as automatically turning off the gas supply and electricity when fires are detected by video cameras installed in the home.

Nokia has also unveiled its Home Control Centre which combines technologies such as wireless networks, CCTV and mobile devices to facilitiate the remote control of household appliances through any computing device that has a web browser. The Home Control Centre, which is due to be released in 2010 and has been spun off to the independent There Corporation in May this year, will initially provide solution in the area of home security. Currently named ThereGate, the product is a technology independent open LINUX-based platform that supports the most common smart home technologies. All devices for monitoring energy and security are managed under one system that can be accessed from a mobile phone or web browser. Further details are provided at There Corporation's website (http://therecorporation.com/).

The question we must now ask is what technologies facilitiate the development of smart homes. The Z-Wave wireless communication proprietary standard (http://www.z-wave.com) for home appliances enables remote communication and control of these devices. The Zigbee set of communication standards (http://www.zigbee.org) is used for communication between low powered radio devices such as wireless sensors. Just like the aim of the Bluetooth protocol is to eliminate unnecessary cables the goal of Zigbee, from a home automation perspective, is to eliminate unnessary remote controls. Protocols like Zigbee and Z-Wave can be used along with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth to enable the development of Home Area Networks (HANs). In addition to radio protocols the Internet Protocol (IP) can also play its part in the development of the smart home. IP can be used for security cameras and is also being used for wireless sensors. The Zigbee Alliance adopted Internet Protocol standards earlier this year and different manufacturers are developing sensors with embedded IP. In 2008 Arch Rock (http://www.archrock.com/) introduced the first commercial implementation of the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF) 6LoWPAN standard for IP version 6 communication over low power devices such as sensors.

The communication and networking standards are well established for the smart home but what about the hardware?Many components such as IP Cameras and CCTV have existed for a long time but the sensors and actuators required to control devices are continuously evolving. The market for these devices is a growing one. OnWorld predicts that the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) market for smart homes will be US$6 billion in 2012. (See http://hiddenwires.co.uk/resourcesnews2009/news20090722-05.html). The key drivers here are energy and health management. Low-powered WSNs can be used in conjunction with smart grids to enable a utility company's smart meter to communicate with a consumer's network. In addition, WSNs can also be used to control lighting and heating in a home thus better managing energy consumption. WSNs along with Bluetooth are also being used in the area of home-based healthcare enabling the elderly and people with health problems to be remotely monitored by medical professionals. OnWorld also predicts that the aforementioned growth of IP-based WSNs will enable the home network to connect to the Cloud thus enabling the development of new products and services for the smart home. One possibility here would be an expert system that collects data from home appliances and issue recommendations regarding energy usage and possible savings.

In addition to the emerging technologies in the wireless arena it may be possible to use an existing technology that is already available in many homes - broadband. A recent GreentechMedia article ( http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/the-smart-home-thats-tuned-to-the-weather/) has described how a Californian startup called EcoFactor uses a broadband gateway to control temperature in the home. Local weather forecasts are also analysed to determine an appropriate heating and cooling strategy over a 24 hour period. This demonstates how many homes will not have to wait to install wireless devices to become smart homes - they can potentially use their existing broadband connection.

The common thread thus far for the terms smart economy and smart home is that of energy management. Energy management also plays a key role in the Smart City. Many cities are implementing plans to become smart cities. One example is Amsterdam in Holland (See http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2009/gb2009068_275981.htm). Energy management is the key driver for Amsterdam's smart city initiative. Households are installing energy saving systems as well as solar panels and household wind turbines to enable them to sell energy back to the city. 300 power hookups to recharge electric cars have also been deployed around the city. The local utility Alliander is also in the process of developing a smart grid. Between now and 2012 up to €1.1 billion is expected to invested in this inital stage of making Amsterdam a smart city. The goal of the project is to cut emissions by 40% by 2025 as well as boosting the economy through private and public investment. More details are available at http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/.

Taipei is aiming to become a Smart City.

Figure 1: Taipei is aiming to become a smart city.

Smart cities initiatives, then, can be viewed as energy management and emission reduction programs at a macro level while the micro implementation of such programs is carried out at the level of the smart home. In other words the technologies used to enable smart homes also enables smart cities.

Unsurprisingly, major industy players such as IBM and Cisco are involved in the development of smart city infrastructure. Currently, the emphasis for smart cities is on energy management but there are other initiatives in areas such as traffic management. Instelligent computing systems have been deployed in cities such as Singapore, Brisbane and Stockholm to reduce traffic congestion and pollution. One mechanism used to reduce congestion is a congestion tax. This tax has been applied in Stockholm, Oslo, London and Singapore. The aim of most congestion taxes is not just to reduce congestion but also to encourage ancilliary benefits such as alleviating environmental damage and improving public transport. In Stockholm, for example, proceeds from the congestion tax are to be used to build a ring road for the city.

To make a congestion charge system viable technology must play a role. In conjunction with IBM, Stockholm implemented a free-flow roadside system that uses laser and camera technology to detect, identify and charge vehicles. The results of Stockholm's smart traffic system have been tangible and dramatic. Traffic has reduced by 25% and public transport timetables had to be rewritten as buses were getting to their destinations faster because of reduced traffic jams. More people are using the Stockholm public transport system and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide have reduced by 40% in the inner city. (See http://www.ibm.com/podcasts/howitworks/040207/index.shtml for more details.)

Another facet to smart traffic systems is enabling traffic signal controllers to act as a system. Usually, traffic lights are independent with limited coordination in sequencing. Using smart systems, real-time feedback can be provided so that, for example, a light can be turned from red to green for an approaching vehicle if an intersection has no other traffic. Smart systems can also enable the rereouting of traffic if an accident occurs or in the case of adverse weather conditions.

Smart cities aren't just about energy and traffic management programs. They can be used to improve coordination across local government agencies as well. Services such as patient care can be dramatically improved if agencies use integrated information systems rather than multiple unintegrated IS. The US city of Albuquerque has reported a 2000% improvement in efficiency in sharing information across government agencies. The benefits have ranged from better and more timely information for citizens and improved services and public safety.

The scope of smart cities is an ambitious one. Cities from Incheon in Korea to Bordeaux in France have plans to become smart cities. Indeed, in some cases smart cities are being built from the ground up. For example, the city of Masdar in the United Arab Emirates has been designed as a smart city and relies entirely on renewable energy resources.

The prefix 'smart' then principally implies the delivery of energy management programs using computing hardware and software systems. The principal hardware involved that will be used to achieve a smart entity be it a home, city or indeed economy are wireless sensors and smart meters. We are effectively considering better home development and urban planning when we consider the concept of 'smartness'.

The Smart Planet is a cornerstone of IBM's strategy.

Figure 2: The Smart Planet is a cornerstone of IBM's strategy.

The final term we will consider is that of the Smart Planet. This vision is principally being driven by IBM (See http://www.ibm.com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/smartplanet/index.shtml?sa_campaign=message/ideas/leadspace/all/planetflash). The vision of a smart planet is one where natural resources such as water are managed using software and sensors and computing driven solutions are available across entire ecosystems such as supply chains, healthcare networks and cities. The smart planet strategy is much more than a marketing gimmick. The big idea behind the strategy is that many of the physical systems in the world - electrical grids, transportation systems, buildings, factories and rivers - can be managed more efficiently if they're monitored by sensors. The performance of these systems can then be analysed and improved. Sensors, RFID and GPS (Global Positioning System) can all be used to enable the management of these systems. IBM cites diverse examples of its strategy in action. Volkswagen is using IBM software and RFID technology to better manage its manufacturing operations while the San Francisco Public Utilities commission is using IBM software to reduce water pollution. (More details can be found at http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/globespotting/archives/2009/07/ibms_smart_plan.html). Other examples include the use of IBM software and sensors by the Irish environmental protection agency to collect data across beaches and lakes to measure water quality and the use of sensors in Galway Bay in Ireland to collect data for the evaluation of weather and environmental conditions for the local fishing industry.

There are other terms prefixed as 'smart' such as smart infrastructure, smart business etc. The fundamental point is that anything that is classified as 'smart' is enabled by computer hardware and software technology, sensor in particular being common to 'smart' ecosystems.

The final question we will consider is where Vertoda fits into the concept of a smart home, smart city and indeed smart planet. Vertoda can capture data from both wireless sensors and smart meters and so is ideal for translating this new pool of data into meaningful information that users can act upon. For smart homes, Vertoda can be used to capture data from household appliances and can provide information about energy usage and securing the home. Vertoda is an open source system and so can be used with any vendor hardware and can aggregate all the data emanating form the smart appliances in a household. Similarly, Vertoda can capture and secure data from smart meters and supply meaningful information on energy consumption and revenue to a utility company's Enterprise Systems and Databases. Vertoda can also secure and translate the information required for building, security and energy management programs that make up a smart city. As Vertoda can be used with any type of sensor or smart meter it can used in the many diverse ecosystems envisaged by IBM's smart planet strategy.

Blogs on Wireless Sensor Networks

Written by martcon
Thursday, 29 October 2009 16:25
For information on Wireless Sensor Networks there are a number of good blogs available on the Internet including http://www.wsnblog.com, http://freaklabs.org, http://www.blogcatalog.com/blog/sensor-networks and http://www.blogcatalog.com/blog/wireless-network-and-sensor-networks.

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